Essay on Liberal Media Bias in the United States - 1356 Words

People rely on journalist to report factual news and to make political points in helping the American citizen in making their decision when it comes time to vote. Since American’s do not have time to research every side to all the stories that have been published, they count on the media to portray both sides. However, you cannot believe everything that the media reports. If you were to pay attention to the reports given by journalists, you will find that they report on the stories that they feel they want to get out. And when it comes to politics, they have a way of leaning more towards a democratic view. The American media has a way of portraying the news in a bias way, which has been studied, researched, and reported to†¦show more content†¦Many journalists are predominately liberal and are considered more liberal that the general public. They have a way of manipulating news to help Democrats and the liberal agenda. â€Å"Strong conservatives and Republicans are more likely to distrust the media news† (Lee Tien-Tsung). Although the media deny being bias, there are ways to prove that it does exist without the proof of studies and research. When journalist only report from one side of the story and use phrases from witnesses or experts from the one side that they are reporting on, media bias is presented. If the journalist fails to report on the conservative side of the story, or the conservative part is either barely mentioned or comes at the end of the story instead of mentioning it during the liberal view, this is another example. Another way to identify this type of reporting would be looking for the journalist to put a spin on the story. This happens when journalist make one side of the story more appealing than the other. (Baker) Since the general public is able to spot bias in the media, they no longer trust the news. Back in 2001, when four major networks starting running evening news broadcasting, the ratings had drop ped significantly (Alterman 7). Other means of bias stories in the media have been proven with the help of studies, research, and by taking polls and surveying the general public. Surveys can be insightful to see how the public views things. Many journalists take aShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Mainstream Media On Today s Audience1212 Words   |  5 PagesMainstream media plays a huge influence on today’s audience and influences choices made when it comes to important decision making such as voting for the next President. Most Americans don’t look up important topics and decide who or what to vote for. They get most of their information from mainstream news networks such as CNN, CBS, NBC, and Vice News. Most of these major news networks that I listed show some form of liberal bias. What is liberal bias? How can we document this liberal bias so that weRead MoreThe Political Opinions Of The American People Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical opinions of the Ameri can people are ultimately developed by their collective culture, lifestyle and political ideology. The majority of the American people are undeniably influenced and informed, directly and indirectly, by multiple sources of media on a daily basis. In this day and age, technology has allowed national political news to spread throughout the country virtually immediately via the internet, television, and radio. Many people might believe that popular news companies share and releaseRead MoreMedia Bias And The Civil Rights Era1286 Words   |  6 PagesMedia bias is a topic that has been in great focus of many political leaders over the past few presidential elections. However, what many people fail to see is that media bias has been around since the beginning of major news companies. Most Americans do not know what media bias is or how to identify it. That stated many people have noticed that most news stations are biased towards one religion, political party or even gender. This has bee n like this for decades however has become much more prominentRead MoreMedia Bias And The Media1365 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Bias In today’s society, remaining connected and knowledgeable of current events and the newest trends is vital to staying ahead in business, education, and social standing. This information is supplied to everyone through the internet, newspapers, television, and radio. One can tune into stations such as CNN, NBC, Fox News, Al-Jazeera, and many others (â€Å"SQs of Media Outlets†). In order to meet the needs of viewers, readers, and listeners, the ideal media system would contain accurate, quickRead MoreThe United States Of America1208 Words   |  5 PagesDoes the United States of America actually get the media it deserves? This is a crucial question for not only U.S. citizens to be asking themselves, but the media personnel as well. If a country’s media is not efficiently and effectively providing its citizens with news stories, there is a huge problem at hand. While the media thrives off of breaking news stories, it’s generally the minute details that grab the attention of viewers. In essence, the minute details are what makes a breaking news storyRead MoreMedia Bias In The Media1474 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout America’s infantile years, the media solely consisted of the printing press, but as a result of industrialization, commercialization, and professionalization, it now extends into the world of technology, reaching far more Americans than ever before. Media can be defined as collective outlets for mass communication. In today’s society, massive amounts of media are consumed in a plethora of forms: newspapers, magazines, television, Internet, and social media. The 2007 U.S. Census Bureau s StatisticalRead MoreThe Bias Of Mass Media1034 Words   |  5 Pages Argument toward certain topics began because the bias found in the mass media. According to University Wire, â€Å"[the media is the main reason why we’re]politically divided because the fundamental flaw in our mass media system is that we have two sides.† What two sides are we talking about? We’re talking about the democrats and republicans or in other words, liberal and conservative sides. Liberals are those who believe in changes and conservative are those who believe in traditional values. WhatRead MoreBernard Goldberg s Bias : A Cbs Insider Exposes How The Media Distort The News955 Words   |  4 Pages After reading Bernard Goldberg’s Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News, I could recognize the medias divide and opinion when reporting the news. Growing older and more understanding of certain issues and what is going on in the world it has been easier for me to acknowledge this bias and opinion of news reporters when watching the news. Being more in the middle of the right and left wing I can see how the media inputs its views that are not objective or twists stories to makeRead MoreMedia s Views On Media Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesThere are numerous media outlets that we ar e exposed to daily that are managed by individuals who hold resolute views regarding specific pressing political topics. They share their views with the general public. Media is made up of various dissimilar forms. These include social media, television, radio, and podcasts. As a result of these abundant media sources, many viewers are affected by what they are subjected to daily when exhibiting media. Thus, media in the United States is biased; News outletsRead More Influence of the Wealthy Over the Media and Politics Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pagesis guaranteed only to those who own one. --- —A.J. Liebling. The majority of media in the United States, are owned in operated by wealthy individuals and corporations. Media also helps portray â€Å"big business† good or bad, depending on their influence, mostly due to contributions. Due to these contributions, select few have been able to manipulate and create a bias towards the contributor. Eventually free media and press evolved into the oligarchy that now â€Å"runs† our country.

The Impact Of Philosophy Of Education On The Changing...

IMPACT OF HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION ON THE CHANGING NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION Philosophy of education is nothing to do with the various parts or streams of education it seems to deal with the sociological and evolutionary and historical base of education. Its ‘what ought to be’ not what should happen or the result of what has already taking place or happened in the field of education. It analysis the various themes related to education like the teacher centred approach, indoctrination, rote learning, critical thinking etc. Philosophy also plays a major role in connecting other fields like sociology by including the society then psychology by dealing with the human development, cognitive abilities, etc, of the people, and also the history of education into the topic of education. For example dealing with Dewey’s philosophy of education stating democracy in classrooms brings in sociology as the philosophy was stated by observing the existing pattern of education in the society then psychology as the philosopher has stated the theory so that t he students are not passive listeners thus to improve their cognitive abilities and of course this philosophy is a major part in the evolution of the history of education. Philosophy seems to be the heart of the education on which education is surviving various philosophies related to education have shown and paved the history of education and impacted in its evolution to an extreme extent. For example Haberas’s philosophyShow MoreRelatedEssay on My Philosophy of Education1206 Words   |  5 Pageswe all struggle with philosophy and where to go from there once we decide what our set of beliefs are. Once we put our philosophy in place, we then struggle with changing our philosophy. I believe that philosophies can be always changing any given situation and in order for growth as an educator we have to be aware of the situations that can change our philosophy, as well as being true to our core beliefs. However, in order for this to happen we must understand what philosophy is, and what it is notRead MoreEducators Struggle with Philosophy1075 Words   |  4 Pageswe all struggle with philosophy and where to go from there once we decide what our set of beliefs are. Once we put our philosophy in place, we then struggle with changing our philosophy. I believe that philosophies can be always changing any given situation and in order for growth as an educator we have to be aware to the situations that can change our philosophy, as well as being true to our core beliefs. However, in order for this to happen we must understand what philosophy is, and what it is notRead MoreEducation Philosophy and Rationale1846 Words   |  7 PagesEducation Philosophy and Rationale Every instructor or a teacher has a certain ideology that he or she follows throughout the teaching careers which underpins everything. These ideology or philosophy is based on our assumptions about our definition of learning and our views on the nature of mankind, the purpose of education, the nature of the curriculum, the role of the teacher and the learner, and the nature of the instructional process. Similarly, I had a certain philosophy which focuses on introducesRead MoreThe Great Impact On Intellectual And Artistic Endeavors And Theses Ideas Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pages In the decades following the Civil War as the United States was changing from a primarily agricultural to an industrialized nation the American intellectual landscapes were changing in equally important ways. New ideas in the worlds of literature, science and philosophy were having great impact on intellectual and artistic endeavors and theses ideas were not just influencing the social elites but also America’s growing mass of ordinary, literate citizens. This influence would set in motionRead MoreThe Influence of Accessibility: A Comparison of the Views of Lao-Tzu and Confucius1610 Words   |  6 PagesThe Influence of Accessibility A comparison between Lao Tzu and Confucius, as well as that between the respective philosophies each of these individuals is believed to have propounded, is fairly natural and, in certain respects, fairly inevitable. Both scholars were believed to have existed during the same time period, from approximately the seventh through the fourth centuries B.C.E. (although it should be noted that there is an overwhelming body of evidence that indicates that Lao Tzu may notRead MoreAnalysis Of Emporia State University s Masters Degree873 Words   |  4 Pagesand effectiveness in a classroom, as well as my long-term goals as a professional. The ultimate goal of any strong curriculum is to outline what the student should know and be able to do. Curriculum is built on four major foundations: history, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. Historical foundations of curriculum are important as we often learn from where we have been and focus on where we are growing by analyzing past journeys. We must be cautious to study the history so that we do not makeRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Education And Education1038 Words   |  5 PagesMy Philosophy of Education When trying coming up with a personal philosophy of education, I had to ask myself what the purpose of education is. To me, the purpose of education is to teach students knowledge that is needed to make it through school and to succeed in the world after graduation. Anyone can go into teaching, but not every teacher can teach. Teachers go above and beyond to introduce methods, philosophies, and strategies to help their students learn, as well as, retain the informationRead MoreIntellectual Progress Of Mankind By Martin Luther King Jr.1610 Words   |  7 Pageshis life. Three main subject leads toward Intellectual Progress of mankind, philosophies, ideologies, and theories which this paper examines as related themes that often intersect in educational ideas (Gutek, 2004). Philosophy falls somewhere between the arts and sciences. On the one hand, it offers idiosyncratic worldviews that may be too disparate to compare. It is not surprising, then, that the question â€Å"Is philoso phy progressive?† is hardly ever raised. From one viewpoint, it offers quirkyRead MoreAncient Greek Philosophers Who Have Helped Shape The World1350 Words   |  6 Pagesfoundations of Western culture. The principles of Greek philosophy implemented its way into encompassing a persons point of view or their knowledge on society. Aristotle has helped improve and transmuted the world by his views on ethics and virtues he has instructed and justified thoroughly and the endowment of philosophy and science, whereas he created a comprehensive system of subjects. Aristotle has laid out virtues, which is the important nature of our character, that are important and still usedRead More Philosophy of Education Essay examples1500 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy of Education I am twenty-eight years old, and have only decided to become a teacher within the past two years. I have always wanted to help people in some way, yet I was not sure of what area or angle to go with my humanitarian instincts. While at University, two of my professors would continually express their feelings on what an impact I would make as a teacher. This planted the seed. I later became pregnant with and gave birth to my daughter. When you are pregnant and

Should cell phones be allowed at middle school free essay sample

Should students be allowed to bring cell phones to middle school, what do you think. Students should be allowed to bring cell phones to school for contacting parents/guardians, safety reasons, and in case of emergencies. Are cell phones a necessary or a nuisance. To begin with, cell phones are used to keep connected and to distribute information. Information that your parent/guardian may need to know. If there was a schedule change or something concerning happened at school that your parent/guardian should know, you’ll be able to tell them fairly quickly. It’s important to keep them informed and to remain persevered with information. With no doubt, cell phones should most definitely be allowed in school to keep parent/guardians updated. Next, safety precautions are a big deal. They help advise people on what to do if needed. Cell phones help with those precautions. They can help with contacting special services. We will write a custom essay sample on Should cell phones be allowed at middle school? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Imagine a student were at school and he or she ran into something or fell down and got seriously injured. Cell phones can help parents placate these worries. Also, students also need cell phones just in case of an emergency. If there was a tornado or earthquake, how would the parent/guardian know if the student was alright. Also, if there was an intruder, the student could call 911 to alert the authorities. It’s no doubt the school systems are taking precautions about these unexpected events but just to be safe, we should allow cell phones in school. It’s very important that we redact these rules. Now cellphones are very useful however, they do have some problems. One of these problems would be texting during classes. It can distract students from focusing on the teacher and learning important information. Another thing is cheating. Students can be texting each other students the answers. These problems can cause disruption and misinformation to the other students. These problems can be very harmful. Students should be allowed to bring cell phones to school for contacting parents for information, and in case of emergencies. Cell phones provide connection and reasorces to the students. They can help them with their homework and other tasks. Cell phones may have a few downfalls but they are still an essential for all schools.

The Operational Management School

Question: Write an essay on Evaluation of 3 important school of thoughts. Answer: 1. The Operational (Management Process) School: The followers of this school believe that the primary and main function of the management is to get the things properly done by involving people as individuals as well as organizing groups. This gives the school the name Operational school viewing the management as a universal body making application of management theories to different levels of the organization (Ofori-Dankwa 1307-1329, 2005). Coming to the contribution of the school; it aims at finding out and evaluating the fundamental functions of the managers along with the classification of them into some basic management principles ("Case Managers Roles And Functions" 2324, 2006). This management school aims at analyzing and evaluating the nature, structure, purpose and the hidden prospects of the process in relation to each management functions. Summing up; the contribution mainly lies with the evaluation and analyzing of the management process. The strength of this management school lies with its beneficial concept of framework being utilized for the identification of the essential management elements. On the contrary; there are criticisms revealing its weakness which states that organizational functions undertaken under dynamic conditions seeking universal management principles might not prove sound when put to function. 2.The Human Behavior School: The human behavior school of management was propagated by Elton Mayo, director of Hawthorne Studies. This management school looks up to human behavior as the prime focus of the management action instead of viewing the management as a stringent technical process under function (Bower 237-240). Adhering to the grounds of its scientific research and objectives of the employee motivation and behavioral improvement, the school established the thought that human relations over-simplified sound relationship between productivity and though (GrublienÄ— and UrbonaitÄ— 507-515). This school of managements contribution lies mainly on the promotion of human behavior, relationship, communication, formation and development of informal groups, motivation of the employees, and style of leadership. This theory also draws attention over a wide array of socio-psychological trait such as organizational behavioral dynamics, group dynamics, technical change in the organizational development and conflict within the organization (Fondas 47-58). Because of its contribution; it is also referred as human relations approach. Talking of the strength; it plays a vital role for motivation of employees, looks up at the organization as a social body, directs sound leadership, and ensures proper communication between employees leading to their development. On the contrary; the approach of this school of management leans on individual psychology to a great extent insisting that the smooth functioning of the organization depends to a vast extent on the happiness of its employees. Tho ugh the study of human interaction is important but it cannot alone cover the entire management arena which turns out creating a defect. 3. The Social System School: This school believes that the management theory relies upon the interaction of social groups to a high extent making it closely related to the Human behavior school. This includes researches which consider management as a complete social system with diverse culture. The most important contribution of this school lies with the study of different social aspects (BozkuÃ…Å ¸ 49). Its strength lies within its belief of considering the organization as a social system on whole comprising of people from diverse background working together in co-operation. Despite of its contribution and reliable strength; this approach is considered broader than management and when implemented to practice, tends to overlook the major management concepts contributing to its weak functioning (Kirp). Managerial Approaches to Motivation Evaluation of two managerial approaches to motivation Two fundamental theoretical knowledge bodies have evolved from the motivational school of study. These theories are known as content theories and process theories. Both these school of theories have a vast array of application for the program planners planning employee incentives. While both these motivational theories come with their respective similarities; there are also certain differences between them (Balk, 1996). Moving first to their similarities, both of them provide a framework for establishing better motivation and understanding among the workforce. On the other hand estimating their difference; while the school of content theories aims at focusing primarily on the individual needs of job satisfaction, their behavior and incentive system, the school of process theory makes an attempt in evaluating the ways of how to energize the behavior of the employees, sustain them and stop them from taking non-ethical steps. Moving ahead to the two approaches from each concept of motivational theories; first is a check at content theories. This theory establishes a base that the when an individual do not receive what can perceive their requirements, they make an attempt to take steps that shall help in satisfying their needs. This theory suggests that behaviors of the employees are triggered only when there are certain needs on their part (Professor, 1963). Also it states that adequate and meaningful reward best helps in satisfying the needs of the employees motivating them to work better. Process theories on the other hand state that employees work best when their behaviors are adequately energized and directed. This school adheres to the theories of Reinforcement and goal setting theories along with two other theories. The reinforcement theory states that motivation can be exerted on the employees by taking a consideration of their behavior. This theory is based on certain principles related to operant conditions such as positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. On the other hand goal setting theory of the Process school of motivation states that when a specific goal as kept in front of the employees; he or she is bets motivated to work better thus successfully achieving the goal as such aims at boosting up his employment position (Shahan Cunningham, 2015). Along with the application of these theories; job design options are also recognized as very effective in motivation of the employees for the organizational success. Job designs are thus defined as the role of this management to assign jobs to the employees in such a sway so as to satisfy both the organizational and technological needs along with the personal and social needs of the job holder. The main aim of the job design deal at with the improvement of job satisfaction among the employees by improving their input so as to derive the bets output with low rate of employee problems. Two primary techniques used in job designing for employee motivation are job rotation and job enrichment. Job rotation deals with changing the job cycle of the employee as this is considered best for enhancing eth employee motivation helping them to work better for the product quality enhancement. On the other hand, job enrichment refers to adding quality to the old job pattern to which the employee is a ssigned. This exerts the same motivational effect as job rotation granting the workers with greater work autonomy (Zhou Zhao, n.d.). Besides all these, social factors also help in motivating the performance of the employees. Better workplace environment and fixed payment period acts as major incentive in motivating the employees for better performance. Motivation and Management Styles Demonstrate knowledge of leadership theory in relation to management in organizations It is commonly said that management and leadership walk together hand in hand however a difference persists between the two to a greater extent. Though they are different, but they are complementary and linked together in some way. If any step is taken in separating the two; damage to the organization is likely to occur in some extent. Understanding the difference between the two; while the leader plays the role of an innovator; the manager works as an administrator (Havinal, 2009). Leadership is also considered original while the management role is a copy of leadership and maintains a consistency. On the contrary leadership develops for the betterment and renders focus on eth individual performance. Management on the other hand focuses on the success of the system and its structure relying mostly on control. The best difference between the two states that while the management does things accurately; sound leadership works in making the things happen in an organized manner. Accordingly when moving ahead to differentiate the leadership styles; you come across 6 different styles of leadership. Though they all work towards the improvement of the organizational function; all of them work in a different manner to achieve the same goal (Ford Harding, 2015). Discussing two of these leadership styles, here you have directive and authoritative style of leadership. The directive or coercive style aims at immediate compliance on part of the employees to work accordingly to the direction if the manager. Here the manager plays an important role in controlling the actions of the employees and motivates them by disciplinary actions as well as threats. On the other hand, the authoritative style aims at offering long term vision as well as direction to the employees by offering them stringent by fair management. The manager or leader here give the employees as proper direction to work best and motivate them by providing the, regular feedback about their work. The directive style is most effective when there arises a crisis in the work and the deviations are traced risky. On the contrary; authoritative style of leadership is considered effective when there arouse clear directions for leading the employees upon understanding their standards. However both of these leadership styles come with certain ineffectiveness as well. While directive style stand out ineffective when the employees assigned works are underdeveloped and comes with little knowledge about the field. Also situation of high skilled employees turn out to make this leadership style inappropriate as the employees being unsatisfied with their work feels easily frustrated (McKeachie, Lin, Moffett, Daugherty, 1978). On the contrary; authoritative leadership stands out ineffective when the leader is unable to offer the employees with adequate guidance directing them with their task. Delegation, Participation and Decision-Making Compare and contrast traditional and current perspectives of delegation, participation and Decision-making The current perspective of delegation is more-a-less similar to the traditional concept which defines delegation as the condition of giving someone the responsibility or power with certain position. It is stated as a universal process where a person is given the responsibility of keeping a check on the activity of another person so as to make sure the accomplishment of the organizational goal takes place in a proper manner. The primary need of delegation within the management program arises for a person when the job he is invested with goes beyond his knowledge and capacity making him unable to continue with its functioning alone. It is often seen that within business organizations where a large amount of work has to be accomplished; no single person is given the responsibility of the whole work. The work is divided within the team members according to their ability and in case the same person is unable to continue with it; another person is assigned to help him with his work thus su pervising his activities. Coming to the concept of decision making; decision making in this world of technological development is a serious issue which calls for the utmost care and implementation of all the requisite theories. Con the contrary; in case of traditional methods; the results which were provided were inaccurate and problematic. The traditional decision making concept were classified into two categories namely programmed and non-programmed decisions. Both of these techniques of decision making adhered to different techniques. While organizations adhering to programmed decisions used techniques followed their standard procedures and rules; some of decisions in other organizations were based completely on the organizational structure based on the relationship existing between the superior and the subordinate. People were assigned different roles with the managers holding the responsibility of taking decisions upon order from the authority. All these mangers remain in constant link with the informati on system for forwarding their information. On the other hand; decisions in case of non-programmed matters calls for separate interpretation and analysis and follows different strategies. For solving complex situations; a quantitative technique sis put to use as they assure high degree of assurance. The modern decision making technique on the other hand has been designed keeping the complexities of the present business world into concern. The constant changes taking place in the business world requires special attention which calls for implementation of special tools in decision making. Some tools which are presently put to use in the modern days for sound decision making are Heuristic techniques and participative decision making techniques. While in case of the former technique; the problem is divided into smaller pats from taking decisions from the realistic view, is case of participative decision making, democratic ideas are implemented for sound decision. In such a case; employees are also involved in matters of taking decisions regarding the welfare of the company encouraging their interest in working. Vertical and Horizontal Coordination Identification of principles for vertical and horizontal coordination within organizations In case of companies following the vertical structure of management; the CEO is at placed at the topmost position of making all decisions and then delegate the same authority to the managers in the lower level of the business organization. On the other hand; in case of companies adhering to horizontal coordination; there are no middle managers within the company which means that it is the manager sat the highest level who handle the major operations and interact with their customers and employees in the front-line personally usually. Most of the small and new business usually has a tendency of opting for a horizontal coordination within the company since they have only a limited number of staffs. Because of lower number of staff, the management programs with small businesses are more intimate and due to the lack of such workforce the management style tends to be informal at a greater extent. Contribution to management effectiveness in the past Talking of the benefits derived, those companies with a taller organizational structure better designate employees with tasks and also possess well responsible employees with them. This makes it easier for them in the sound management of the staffs. On the other hand; businesses structured with horizontal coordination possess the maximum potential of having best morale of employees because lack of red tape dealing preventing them from being problematic. On an addition; compared to the vertical coordination; running horizontal coordination costs considerably low (Kwofie, Fugar and Adinyira 180-193, 2015). However both of these come with certain disadvantages as well. In case of vertical companies; they are much dependent on a strong leader operating at the top most position which means that weaker management possess the maximum chances of organizational failure with poor delegation and decision making. Along with this; vertical companies lack the transparency present within the horizontal companies as each layer of the organization muddles the information at a greater extent. In case of vertical companies; business hinders back due to lack of employees which leads existing employees with much more work. While the employees tend to become less sure of their work position and role, this makes the project managers extremely frustrated because of their lack over authority. Current relevance to management effectiveness However experts believe that with the growing globalization; more and more companies tend to follow the horizontal coordination within the organization than the vertical one because the former shall help in better demand response. 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"Organizational Structure, RD Intensity, And Firm Value".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. Ofori-Dankwa, J. "From Thought To Theory To School: The Role Of Contextual Factors In The Evolution Of Schools Of Management Thought".Organization Studies26.9 (2005): 1307-1329. Web. Peters, Christopher J. "Constitutional Rights And The Problem Of Legal Authority".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. Sechser, Todd S. "Goliath's Curse: Coercive Threats And Asymmetric Power".International Organization64.04 (2010): 627-660. Web. Sheldon, Alan. "Organizational Paradigms: A Theory Of Organizational Change".Organizational Dynamics8.3 (1980): 61-80. Web. Wang, Susheng. "Bundling Of Authority And Accountability In Organizations".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. Welch, R. L. "Training A New Generation Of Leaders".Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies7.1 (2000): 70-81. Web. Balk, W. (1996).Managerial reform and professional empowerment in the public service. Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books. Ford, J. Harding, N. (2015). Followers in leadership theory: Fiction, fantasy and illusion.Leadership. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715015621372 Havinal, V. (2009).Management and entrepreneurship. New Delhi: New Age International. McKeachie, W., Lin, Y., Moffett, M., Daugherty, M. (1978). Effective Teaching: Facilitative vs. Directive Style.Teaching Of Psychology,5(4), 193-194. https://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top0504_6 Professor, B. (1963). Two Approaches To Managerial Planning : Part Two.The Engineering Economist,8(3), 3-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137916308928671 Shahan, T. Cunningham, P. (2015). Conditioned reinforcement and information theory reconsidered.Journal Of The Experimental Analysis Of Behavior,103(2), 405-418. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeab.142 Zhou, R. Zhao, S. Motivational Influences in Time Discounting: The Effect of Regulatory Focus.SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2333362